Bunkering refers to the process of delivering fuel to ships for their propulsion and onboard energy requirements. Historically, this has involved the use of heavy fuel oil or marine diesel, but as the industry moves toward more environmentally friendly solutions, liquefied natural gas (LNG) is becoming an increasingly popular alternative. Familiarity with various bunkering methods is essential to ensure operational efficiency, safety, and adherence to regulations.
Conventional Bunkering Methods
1. Ship to Ship (STS) Bunkering
Fuel is transferred from a bunker vessel to a receiving ship while both vessels are afloat. Ship-to-ship (STS) bunkering is frequently conducted at anchorages or offshore sites, providing flexibility for vessels that are unable to dock. Nonetheless, it necessitates rigorous safety and environmental measures.
2. Port to Ship (Pipeline) Bunkering
Also referred to as shore-to-ship bunkering, this process involves transferring fuel via pipelines from storage tanks at a port terminal directly to the vessel. It is a highly efficient method for handling large quantities, is well-regulated, and is widely used in major ports.
3. Truck to Ship Bunkering
Fuel is supplied via tanker trucks parked at the quay, which pump the fuel directly into the vessel. This method is flexible and effective for small to medium volumes, but it is slower and less efficient when used for large-scale bunkering operations.
LNG Bunkering Methods
As LNG becomes increasingly important for its reduced emissions, the same three delivery methods are used; however, they require specialized infrastructure and more stringent handling protocols because of LNG’s cryogenic properties.
Truck to Ship
Due to its flexibility it is widely used for smaller vessels or ports without fixed infrastructure.
Shore to Ship
Terminals with LNG storage tanks and pipelines supply ships directly at berth, ideal for large volumes and large quantities of marine traffic.
Ship to Ship
Specialised LNG bunker vessels transfer cryogenic fuel to receiving ships, facilitating operations at anchorages or ports.
Conclusion
Whether using traditional marine fuels or LNG, the three main bunkering methods: ship to ship, port to ship, and truck to ship form the backbone of refuelling global shipping. LNG bunkering adapts these same methods to include rigorous safety systems and infrastructure, reflecting the industry’s shift toward cleaner and sustainable energy.